Historical Considerations Of Rural Areas Of The Ancient Kesh Oasis

Kesh (Arabic, in its sources Kashsh, Kass, Kise) is a historical city and region. It occupies the northeastern part of the present-day Kashkadarya region of Uzbekistan. Initially, it was located on the site of Kitab district, then in the 9th-10th centuries it moved to Shakhrisabz. Extensive research has been conducted in the Kesh oasis over the years, which has provided valuable information on the ancient and medieval history of the oasis. Important information about the ancient and medieval history of the oasis is given in the sources. These sources provide detailed information on the geographical location of the Kesh oasis, the lifestyle of the population of the oasis, the socio-economic life of the oasis, the structure of the city of Kesh. Historians such as Ibn Hawqal and Al-Muqaddas have provided such valuable information in their works. From the 20th century, archeological excavations began in the oasis. Preliminary research was conducted by orientalists in the oasis. In the oasis V.V.Bartold, V.A.Vyatkin, B.Denike conducted scientific research. In 1926, A.Yu.Yakubovsky was sent to Shakhrisabz to study historical topography. In the 1930s, the monuments of Shakhrisabz were studied by Y.G.Gulomov, T.M.Mirgiyosov, S.K.Kabanov, S.A.Sudakov and the artist N.S.Lojkin. Archaeological excavations in the oasis were also carried out by M.E. Masson in the 1940s. Archaeological excavations were carried out by S.K.Kabanov in 1946-1950. In 1955, V.D.Zhukov conducted excavations at the site of Kindiklitepa. The research conducted by N.I.Krasheninnikova in 1970-1980 is also important. Similar expeditions were carried out in later periods. Among them are R.H.Suleymanov, E.V.Rtveladze and A.S.Sagdullaev. The archeological researches and scientific researches of these scientists are served as an important basis in determining the age of the cities of the eastern (Kesh) and western (Karshi) oasis of Kashkadarya and their place in the urban culture of Central Asia. Historical Considerations Of Rural Areas Of The Ancient Kesh Oasis Orifhuja Odilovich Muminov Scientific Staff, National Archeological Center Of The Academy Of Sciences Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan

The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x)

INTRODUCTION
The Kashkadarya oasis (South Sogd) is one of the ancient historical and geographical regions of Central Asia. The rich history of the oasis has attracted the attention of many researchers. Kashkadarya region is home to a large number of archeological and architectural monuments, centers of folk crafts. The ancient history of the oasis is also rich in important events. The region is located at the crossroads of ancient trade routes, and the information is widely preserved in written sources. At the beginning of the 20th century, the study of the Kitab-Shahrizabz oasis was begun from an archaeological point of view, especially the study of the architectural monuments of Shahrisabz protected by the Association for the Protection of Ancient and Artistic Monuments in Central Asia. In 1925, V.V.Bartold, V.A.Vyatkin, art historian B.Denike, and German art critic E.Kon-Wiener came to Shahrizabz. A.E.Midji, a student of the Turkestan Institute of Oriental Studies, spoke about the Kitab and Shakhrisabz ancient monuments at a meeting of ethnography and archeology of the Turkestan branch of the Russian Geographical Society in Tashkent. 1 Nautaka and Xenippe are the ancient cities located in the Kashkadarya region. Nautaka (Navtaka) is one of the Sogdian regions, which translates as "new construction", "new place". In Arrian's work, Nautaka is described as "the husband of the Sogdians." There are various opinions in the scientific literature about the location of Nautaka. In particular, Nautaka is considered to be the name of a large region stretching from the city of Shakhrisabz to the Amudarya. According to written sources, the territory of Kashkadarya is divided into two regions: Nautaka and Ksenippe, which correspond to the territories of Shakhrisabz and Karshi regions. In particular, the areas can be divided into upper valley and lower valley parts. In the upper part is Nautaka that is Kesh (Sakhrisabz), in the lower part is Ksenippe Naqshab (Karshi). 2  In 1981-1984, an expedition led by N.I.Krasheninnikova discovered the monuments of Sangirtepa, Uzunkir, Podayotoktepa in the first half of the first millennium BC in the middle reaches of the Shorobsoy, as well as conducted research on their defensive walls. Studies here show that the Uzunkir and Podayotoktepa monuments are about 700-800 meters away, and the Sangirtepa monument is located south of the Uzunkir monument and there is about 1 km between them. The results of the research show that the first period of formation of Sangirtepa was in BC. It dates back to the IX-VIII centuries. During this period, a large structure with a strong cotton wall was built here. In the VIII-VI centuries BC, the monuments were developed and constructed. Remains of a human skeletal bone from the IX-VII centuries have also been found. The research was carried out on a central rectangular hill with a height of 8 m and dimensions of 85x65 m in Sangirtepa. Sangirtepa is surrounded by defensive walls on the south and west sides and has a total area of 3 hectares. The excavation carried out in the north-western part of the central hill of Sangirtepa shows that the thickness of the cultural layer was 6.85 meters. The strategy 4 Views from the history of ancient Kesh-Shakhrisabz // Responsible editor: A.S.Sag'dullaev.T. "Shark" 1998. p. 13.
shows that life in this part of the central hill is complicated and there are four construction periods. No new information has been obtained as a result of the excavation work carried out on the western and north-western sides of the hill, but as a result they have found habitats in this part of the monuments, and rotten and ash layers for storage of goods from this place, indicates that it was used as a black.
Archaeological and strategic research in Sangirtepa revealed the history of the settlement, its development and stages of abandonment. The first period of formation of Sangirtepa was in BC. It belongs to IX-VIII centuries. During this period, a large structure with a strong cotton wall was erected here. The first is the presence of an outer cotton wall for the earliest period, and it can be assumed this wall, which has been preserved throughout the life of the monument, served a defensive purpose.
There is a need to strengthen the developed part of the settlement, as a result of which the area of about 3 hectares will be surrounded by a wall barrier. Sangirtepa is surrounded by strong and thick walls and becomes the residence of the local ruler. 5 Archaeological evidence suggests that life in Sangirtepa ceased in the 4th and 1st centuries BC, evidenced by abandonment and depression. Monuments of this type were common in Margiyana, Bactria, and Sogdiana during the Early Iron Age, and in many cases they occupied small areas, but they were surrounded by defensive walls, a sign of military strategic importance. Similar symbols are found in Sangirtepa, which can be included in the category of monuments, which are the strongholds of the big city. According The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) Published: September 30, 2020 | Pages: 509-515 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-77 IMPACT FACTOR 2020: 5. 525 to A.Sagdullayev and N.I.Krasheninnikova, Uzunkir and the region in general were called "Nautaka" in their time.
The ancient Sogdian word translates as "Nautaka". The suffix "Tak" is interpreted to mean "power", "might", "strength", and this concept is derived from the process of building a large fortified military base in the place of Uzungir,surrounded by strong and thick defensive walls. It can be assumed to have originated. Archaeological excavations were also carried out in Podayotoktepa and Uzunkir, and their defensive walls were studied. As a result of research, an ancient agricultural oasis was formed on the banks of the Shurobsoy in the early 1st millennium BC.
In the early Iron Age, Sogdiana was a separate territorial order group with several types of settlements that served as centers.
In 1983, N.I.Krasheninnikova conducted research on the surviving part of the Uzunkir defensive wall. During the research, the remains of a room with an entrance and a single window were examined from the outside of the wall. The walls and level of the room are plastered with straw.
Fragments of pottery and three arches of bronze arrows were found on the surface. 6 Research suggests that the castle wall was built during the Achaemenid period.
According to the result of research by A.S.Sagdullayev and N.I.Krashennikovs the Uzunkir was considered the center of the city of Nautaka, and later the center will be replaced by the city of Kitab. 7  In the following period, Uzunkir was expanded. Its expansion has led to the need to build fortifications to protect the population. In the 7th-6th centuries BC, a complex defense system emerged: a defensive wall protruding from a solid wall made of raw bricks, fortified with towers to the tower rooms and plasters. But in the first period the thickness of the Long Wall was only 1.85 meters between the towers, probably due to the construction of an additional second wall. 8 Southern Sogdia, separated from the Samarkand Mountains by mountains, dates back to BC. In the first half of the first millennium, the findings from the monuments of the region, which was historically close to Northern Bactria, are a clear proof of this. Archaeological research shows that in the IV-III centuries BC, in contrast to fortifications and public buildings in eastern Kashkadarya, residential buildings consisted mainly of semibasements and light shelters. In these complexes, cotton and square-shaped raw bricks, typical of antiquity, were used for low walls and sandals. For example, a group of apartment complexes is located under the interconnected sheds inside the Podayotoktepa wall. 10 The place of Kitob is considered to be the site of antiquity -the first place is associated with the name of another famous hero of Kalandartepa or Tepai Afrosiyob "Shohnoma". Pre-Islamic sources provide information about this area mentioned in the work of I.Markvant. At present, this information is supplemented to some extent by numismatic materials. In the 70s and 80s of the twentieth century, a large-scale map of the eastern part of Kashkadarya addressed the issues of zoning and classification of ancient and medieval monuments and the development of regional culture since the arrival of the first peasant groups. The problem of ancient roads connecting the south and center of Central Asia through the Southern Sogdia and existing since ancient times was highlighted. At the same time, in the III-II centuries BC, more solid houses were built in the Kitab area. In Eastern Kashkadarya, as in Central Asia, where they usually have a special foundation, the use of raw bricks in construction has begun. In ancient times, houses usually consisted of several rooms that served different purposes. In addition to the living rooms with an area of 20-30 square meters, it definitely has a 10 Shakhrisabz is a 2700 thousand year old heritage. Album, Tashkent, Shark 2002, P.76 bathroom. In the dining room (8-12 sq. M.) there are a few jars of grain, oil, and wine buried in the ground near the wall, up to half or up to the throat, and sometimes the jars are placed inside the living rooms. 11 Thus, in the South Sogd there are large areas of development of the Early Iron Age, the development of which will continue in later periods. As early as the IX-VIII centuries, and later in the VII-VI centuries BC, a more clear boundary was formed between the two regions and territories formed in the lower and middle part of Kashkadarya. During the Early Iron Age, the economy, culture, and trade flourished, and the growth of the productive forces led to private ownership and a separate beginning, and raw materials became handicrafts. One of the greatest economic achievements of the Early Iron Age was the spread of ancient agriculture.

CONCLUSION
After the independence of Uzbekistan, the approach to the study of history has reached a new level. The study of the history of ancient oases, cities in the territory of our country, archeological research was considered as one of the important issues. One of the most important oases in Central Asia, the Kesh oasis has a long history. By the Early Iron Age, the eastern part of the Kashkadarya oasis -the ancient Kitab -Shakhrisabz, Yakkabag -began to be rapidly developed.
Early agricultural areas appeared in the Kesh oasis, and after many years of research, it can be concluded that the Kesh oasis was not excluded from the socio-economic, cultural and political processes that took place in the ancient East.