Lexical-Semantic Features Of Hyponymy In The Short Stories “The Voyage” And “Dunyoning Ishlari” ( Deeds Of The World)

This article focuses on the semantic category hyponymy which is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym or more shortly it is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class in linguistics and lexicography. And current research is aimed at discovering the types of hyponymy category and their comparison in short stories “The Voyage” (in English) and “Deeds of the world” (in Uzbek).


INTRODUCTION
In the Uzbek linguistics, a number of studies have been conducted in the field of studying the language as a whole. The basics of the system lexicology have been reflected in a number of scientific studies carried out in different periods of science development. Therefore, in her scientific findings prof. R.Safarova divided the ways of system lexicology development in the Uzbek language into the following phases: The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) Published: September 30, 2020 | Pages: 606-613 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-92 IMPACT FACTOR 2020: 5. 525 a) The first phase. The difference between word and lexeme, the semes and the ways of separating them into the main parts , and reflects on exploring semantic structure of some word pairs b) The second phase. The development stage of system lexicology is characterized by combining words into thematic and lexical-semantic groups and studying meaning by dividing it into component parts. At the same time, the principles and fundamentals of system linguistics, system lexicology namely researching lexical units by grouping into lexical-semantic groups were developed in the lexicology of the Uzbek language. The same lexical paradigms, and lexical paradigms have been identified as lexical-semantic groups in the lexicology of the system. Relying on this principle mainly lexical paradigms formed by synonymous senses, a group of words with antonymic meaning, a various thematic and lexical-semantic lines, lexical paradigms were the source of research as particular lexical-semantic groups in the system lexicology.
In linguistics and lexicography a hyponym (from Greek hupó, "under" and ónoma, "name") is defined as a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym (from Greek hupér, "over" and ónoma, "name"). In simpler terms, a hyponym shares a type of relationship with its hypernym. For instance, pigeon, crow, eagle and seagull are all hyponyms of bird (their hypernym); which, in turn, is a hyponym of animal.
Words that are hyponyms of the same broader term (that is, a hypernym) are called co-hyponyms. The semantic relationship between each of the more specific words (such as daisy and rose) and the broader term (flower) is called hyponymy or inclusion. [9] Hyponymy is not restricted to nouns. The verb to see, for example, has several hyponyms -glimpse, stare, gaze, ogle, and so on. Edward Finnegan points out that although "hyponymy is found in all languages, the concepts that have words in hyponymic relationships vary from one language to the next". Hyponymy refers to a much more important sense relation by describing what happens when we say "An X is a kind of Y", "A daisy is a kind of flower", or simply, "A daisy is a flower". And there is also stated that "Hyponyms are more specific words that constitute a subclass of a more general word". [4] e.g. maple, birch, and pine are hyponyms of tree.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In linguistics, semantic analysis is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, are often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic analysis. Semantic analysis can begin with the relationship between individual words. This requires an understanding of lexical hierarchy, including hyponymy and hypernymy, meronomy, polysemy, synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms.   the cranes standing up so high  and a cart with a small drooping horse A crane is any of a family (Gruidae of the order Gruiformes) of tall wading birds superficially resembling the herons but structurally more nearly related to the rails. Horse in the meantime is a large solid-hoofed herbivorous ungulate mammal (Equuscaballus, family Equidae, the horse family) domesticated since prehistoric times and used as a beast of burden, a draft animal, or for riding. Birds and mammals as described in the definitions are two istinct characters of an animal. Therefore, these two words are classified as animal hyponymy.

Type of hyponymy (clothes)
 put on her flannel dressing-gown grandma was quite ready  an old sailor in a jersey standing by gave her his dry A dressing-gown is a robe worn especially while dressing or resting. While, a jersey is any of various close-fitting usually circularknitted garments especially for the upper body. The word worn and the word closefitting in the explanation mentioned are the characters of clothes. Hence, these words "dressing-gown" and "jersey" are classified as clothes hyponymy.

Type of hyponymy (occupation)
 And an old sailor in a jersey standing by gave her his dry  Such a very nice stewardess came to meet them A sailor is a traveler by water while, a stewardess is a woman who performs the duties of a steward, especially one who attends passengers (as on an airplane). The words "sailor" and "stewardess" are both types of occupation. Therefore, these two words are categorized as occupation hyponymy.  But their sweet smell was part of the cold morning.
The above examples show how similar one word to another in terms of its hyponymy, however they are used differently depending on the context of the sentences.
Based on the findings, it is concluded that in the short story of the Voyage and Dunyoning ishlari (Deeds of the world), there are 22 types of hyponymy category.

CONCLUSION
As one of the outstanding linguists stated language is a vehicle for communication between people. Therefore current finding will help students of English to know more about hyponymy and the types of hyponymy category so that they can use the range of vocabulary in written on in spoken as well. The descriptive qualitative methodology was used throughout the research, types of hyponymy were investigated by classifying the categories of hyponymy. Based on the results it was revealed that the most dominant type of hyponymy is "part of body" and the least dominant type of hyponymy category are "bird, drink, fruit and occupation". With